Engineering Description or Classification of Weathered Rocks

Engineering Description or Classification of Weathered pits instaurationThe description and Classification of Weathered inclinations brought together a series of important studies by leading geologist and engineering researchers due to the countless difficulties encountered by engineers in withstand swing atomic number 18as, how it affects site exploration, plan and evaluation steps during projects. In the 1950s there has been a considerable amount of literature published on the enactment of hold rocks and engineering properties of weathered veridicals, but there was little or no standardisation of descriptive terminology during this period, the use of these published data for the prediction of the engineering behaviour away from the original study areas is limited. Thereafter the publications by the Geological ordination Engineering Group working(a) Party the International Society of Rock Mechanics, the British Standards Institution, the International Association of Engin eering Geologist and Dearman have rationalised the terminology by the use of standard descriptive indices and simple index testing. These turning aways enable the geologist or Civil engineer to describe the materials and rock structure in engineering terms, and how it has been adopted for general practice worldwide. However the choice of which contrivance to use is principally dependent on the preference of the engineer responsible.Background AnalysisThe earliest attempts to classify weathered rocks in such a manner that will sanction useful to engineering goes back to the early 1950s when weathering classification of granite was introduced by Moye in the Snowy Mountains of Australia. Moye proposed the scheme for the promotion and identification of engineering properties of weathered rock materials and how it would help to formulate the weathering terms of granite when they are apply during site investigation by non-homogeneous group of persons.Six classes of rock materials we re described based on the concept that logging of cores would be done on the basis of recognition of weathering types irrespective of order surface or downwards and without any attempt satisfactory the initial results of the logging into a formatted or general weathering profile with subsequent zones established in the rock mass. Little (1967), discussing laterites, suggested that the Moye classification could be applied to other(a) lateritic-type soils and would be more successful for the purpose, than the usual temperate soil classification into clay, silts etc. The interesting feature was that Little applied grade numbers to the various horizontal surfaces of weathering recognised by Moye (1955) grade I was fresh rock and grade VI was rock weathered to a residual soil.Then the classifications of weathered rock came to a stage where a group of specialist came together in the UK and published a report on the first formalised weathering classification of rocks under(a) the name of Geological Society Engineering Group Working Party Report on The Logging of Rock Cores for Engineering Purposes (Anon, 1970 in (Dearman, 1995). Its evident that this was in any case mainly based on the classification of (Moye, 1955) scheme. However, few amendments were make the Moyes granitic soil term was changed to residual soil thereby increasing the number of categories from cardinal to seven classes. Thus the new scheme was suggested to apply for a broader range of rocks while it was initially devised to granite. Another point of interest was that of the Working Party scheme which relied mostly on general descriptions and observations, which includes friability while that of Moye was based on classification on specific index test.To pave the way for the mass scheme recommendation in BS5930 1981 (Anon, 1995), thus the latter scheme grades were reduced back to 6 as it was originally done by (Moye, 1955) and the same terminology was used with a complete different meaning. The argument over using the description of the materials or the mass scales for a classification came on. However, the required different approaches was advocated and grading the materials recommended to be decomposed, disintegrated, fresh and discoloured. Duncan (1969) also proposed a scheme based on texture, structure, composition and classification (calcareous or non-calcareous), colour and grain size.Following the publication of BS5930 1981, attempts have been made at developing classification schemes which allow the degree of weathering to be defined for different lithologies, (Table.2) (Anon 1970, Anon 1977, BS 5930 1981). The early schemes (Anon 1970, for instance) were based on the chemical weathering of granite rocks and delineated a hybrid material grade and zone scheme. In 1977, the working party of the Engineering Group of Geological Society on the Description of Rock Masses (Geological Society of London 1977) clearly separated the description of weathering on a rock mass scale. This scheme, like the earlier ones, placed great ferocity on the weathering profiles developed on granitic rocks in tropical and sub-tropical environments, although, little focusing was given for the description of weathering.The British Standard proposed that weathered rock materials whitethorn be described or graded using four terms decomposes, disintegrated, fresh and discoloured, but they did not house any guidance for determining and describing the degree or weathering. Attempts to use these schemes in the description of rock materials have met with difficulty. It is the opinion of the authors that any reference to the degree of weathering should be omitted from the description unless it is known with some matter of course on the basis of experience and knowledge of the typical weathering profile for that rock type. For rock weathering in conditions where physical disintegration dominates, it is unlikely that the degree of weathering may be determined from examinatio n of rock materials alone.The descriptive scheme for weathering was later criticized as being too restrictive in scope and not easily relevant to a wide range of rock types and structural situation, though this was the original intention. As its indicated by (Cragg and Ingman, 1995) a number of problems may arise when (BS5930 1981) is used for major(ip) projects. At the initial stage it is difficult to extrapolate the weathering pattern in two or three dimensions of rock cores. In some occasions this head cannot be fully answered unless closely spaced boreholes are cored, logged and then mass zones are ascribed after the complete set has been logged. In addition, drill-hole may be insufficiently dense for a derivation of a mass tract from material core logs.The critics of (BS5930 1981) do not always have more objective substitute(a) schemes of classifications. For some the type of rock alternative schemes may be preferred over the (BS5930 1981), including (Chandler, 1969) for Mer ica Mudstone and (Chandler, 1972) for Upper Lisa Clay and etc. In a situation where weathering dominates some aspects of geotechnics, the complementary classifications of (Moye, 1955) and (Ruxton and Berry, 1957) were essentially adopted as standards by the Hong Kong Government for engineering descriptions in 1979 (Anon, 1979) in (Anon, 1995), however, it is clear that all these alternatives are site or theatrical role stipulate. They are generally rock mass schemes based and gradational or depth controlled.The IAEG (Anon, 1981c) in (Anon, 1995) recommended a presumably factual scale of percentages of weathering with no guidance for how this scale should be applied. According to the scheme, the degree of weathering can be expressed quantitatively by laboratory study. But these approaches remain liable to lead to misunderstand and disputes concerning descriptions.As far as the problems and difficulties prolonged in all engineering projects in the weathered rocks, the demand for su ch classification increased. Weathered rocks can act particular difficulties especially in site investigations. They are often open textured and weakly bonded they can be very sensitive to disturbance during sampling. as well their profile are often complex and variability cannot be predicted with standard geological interpolation or extrapolation.The confusion, inapplicability of the suggested classification schemes combined with the lack of agreement amid professionals working in the field of operations has led to various bodies producing their own classifications, e.g. (Anon, 1988b). Similarly, many have turned back to the (Anon, 1970) and (Anon, 1972). Some others keep using formation specified schemes like that of (Chandler, 1969).The Engineering Group of the Geological Society in an attempt to make critics see the ambiguity in its thesis has commissioned a Working Party to study the description and classification of weathered rocks for engineering purposes. The Report of W orking Party (1995) provides a scheme for describing the state of weathering for uniform rock materials which are moderately strong or stronger in the fresh state which shows a clear gradation in engineering properties during weathering. The proposed classification scheme requires the use of appropriate index tests such as the point load text and slaking tests.The most logical approach to the problem of classifying degree of weathering is to describe the rock material without attempting to provide a statement on how weathered it may be, apart from commenting on the presence of discolouration, decomposition, voids and softening. Once sufficient descriptive data on the rock material and the rock mass has been acquired to establish the mechanisms and stages of weathering present, a site specific weathering classification can be developed to provide a consistent means of describing both the rock material and, more importantly the rock mass.According to (Anon, 1995) The Working Party th is time preferred to make recommendations rather than attempting to deal with all aspects of weathering. In addition to circulating the draft at various stages among many correspondents and adding valued contribution to it, a three day meeting was held at the Leeds University, UK, in April 1994 for a more elaborate discussion. The Working Party report was then used during a day in the field and employed in the description of the weathered rocks in the laboratory (Anon, 1995).ConclusionApart from the potential communication problems, there is a strong argument for the need to devise a single circumscribed version of the weathered rock classification proposed that might find more general acceptance and be more readily applicable in field assessments, both rock material and rock mass.

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetite Ferrofluid

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetite FerrofluidAbstractA Fe3O4 peeing-based ferrofluid was lively by chemical co-precipitation technique, the magnetized particles were characterized exploitation x-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer)VSM)techniques.the results show that the shape of the nanoparticles is approximately spherical and they are superparacharismatic at room temperature.1. IntroductionFerrofluids are stable colloidal suspensions that comprise of magnetic nanoparticles discharge in base silver-tongued such as water or oil 1.A ferrofluid is a colloidal dispersion of monodomain magnetic particles (size of about 10 nm) of superparamagnetic nature. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are dwarfish synthetic Fe 3 O 4 or -Fe 2 O 3 particles with a core size of o10 nm and an organic or inorganic coating. The particles are well dispersed in a liquid, for medical application normally in water. Superparama gnetic magnetization is, compared to normal paramagnetic materials, much higher and scum bag reach nearly the magnetization fertilisation (M s ) of ferromagnetic iron oxide. This behavior allows the bring in of such particles in a magnetic issue gradient without loosing the advantage of a stable colloidal suspension.S2Ferrofluids are stable suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles and include Fe 3 O 4 , CoFe 2 O 4 , MnZn , CoZn and lithium ferrite in a base liquid. The liquid can be opposite or nonpolar . To fend off nanoparticles agglomeration, the magnetic particles stick to be coat with an appropriate surfactant .This coating makes the ferrofluid stable even so under intense magneticfields . ferrofluids are widely used in industry and clinical applications .w2 magnetized fluids (ferrofluids) with a combined fluidic and magnetic properties have wide applications inindustry and biomedicine. Magnetic Nanoparticles ,such as magnetite(Fe 3 O 4 ),iron(Fe),nickel(Ni),andcobalt(Co), can be applied in magnetic fluid preparing.Among these magnetic NPs Fe 3 O 4 has been extensively adopted in magnetic fluids for its tunable magnetic properties.so far many synthetic strategies are proposed to prepare magnetic fluids of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles.Hereinto ,co-precipitation method acting in oil or water with the presence surfactants is traditional route to prepare magnetic fluids.A1Magnetic nanofluids, also called ferrofluids, are stable colloidal dissolvents consisting of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in a based fluid. The magnetic nanofluid behaves as a smart or functional fluid due to some of its unique features. They have some applications in a variety of fields such as electronic packing, mechanical engineering, aerospace, and bioengineering. i1Water-based magnetic nanofluids are a special category of polar magnetic nanofluids with particular features of particle interactions and agglomerate formation processes. The interest in water-based magnetic nanofluids in the selected bioengineering and biomedical systems has been growing exponentially in the populate decades .Surface coating of nanoparticles and colloidal stability of biocompatible water-based magnetic nanofluids are particularly important for biomedical applications such as magnetic cell detachment, medicine delivery, hyperthermia, and contrast sweetener in magnetic resonance imaging. They have been extensively applied to audio voice coil-damping, intertia-damping apparatuses,bearings, stepping motors, and vacuum seals.i1Ferrofluids, which are magnetic colloids, can be synthesized by dispersing nanosized subdomain magnetic particles of 10 nm in diameter in a common carrier liquid. Such fluids have physical properties that can be modified by an foreign magnetic field and are widely used as functional materials in engineering and technology applications.j1In general, magnetic nanoparticles in ferrofluids are coated with a surfactant to prevent aggregation.In the 1980s, Massart proposed a method for chemical synthesis of aqueous ferrofluids with no surfactant .In this method, an appropriate come in treatment leads to adsorption of H+ or OHions on the surface of the particles, so stable aqueous ferrofluids can be obtained. These ferrofluids are known as ionic ferrofluids or electrical double-layered magnetic fluids .Ionic ferrofluids have attracted considerable attention because of their special behavior and this has led to new cross-disciplinary activities inchemistry, biomedicine and physics.j1Ferrofluids of Fe3 O4 and -Fe2 O3 have attracted considerable attention for various biomedical applications including therapeutic magnetic hyperthermia,targeted drug delivery,and magnetic resonance imaging due to their bio-compatibility and desirable superparamagnetic properties with high saturation magnetization.M1Transition metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) and maghemite ( -Fe 2 O 3 ) are of general interest, due to their interesting m agnetic, electrical, mechanical, catalytical and optical properties.Q1Iron oxide nanoparticles can also be dispersed in specific carrier liquids, giving rise to the so called ferrofluids (FFs0. In particular, FFs are colloidal suspensions of magnetic NPs (usually magnetite or maghemite) with average size in the range from 8 to 20 nm and dispersed in organic/inorganic solvents or different oils(hydrocarbons, syntetics esters, etc). They combine the fluid related properties of the dispersing liquid with the magnetic properties of the solid NPs.Q1FFs have be to be useful for a wide variety of engineering applications such as (i) ironless loudspeakers (ii) specific components for magnetic recording ,(iii) biomagnetics (e.g. hyperthermia ,tissue repairing ,target drug delivery ,cell separation ,magnetic resonance imaging, sensing )(iv) rotating seals and so on. Most of the applications of FFs are related to both their overall thermo/hydrodynamic properties and the magnetic properties of the constituent NPs.Q1Fe3O4 nanoparticles are most frequently elect because of following reasons(i) Fe3O4 is biocompatible,(ii) Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be synthesized at large scale,(iii)the magnetization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles is significantly high,thus allowing these particles to be easily controlled by an away magnetic field.R1Colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in an organic or inorganic carrier liquid,so-called ferrofluids ,are being increasingly studied because of their peculiar physical properties and applications .Because of their small size (520 nm) the particles exhibit oneness magnetic domains and the magnetic fluid displays superparamagnetic behavior .Without external magnetic field the orientation of the magnetic moments of the particles is at random resulting in a vanishing macroscopic magnetization. An external field, however, easily orients the particle magnetic moment leading to large saturation values of the magnetization. Ferrofluids are c lassified into two groups ,ionic (IFF) and surfacted (SFF) ferrofluids, depending on the method used to avoid the aggregation of magnetic particles.T1Ferrofluids are actually superparamagnetic, meaning that a ferrofluid reacts to a magnetic field in the same way as a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic solid, but magnetizes and demagnetizes more rapidly because in a ferrofluid the magnetic domains are the same size as the actual particles.v1Ferrofluids are colloidal dispersions of small single domain magnetic particles suspended in a carrier fluid.Ferrofluids characteristically have both magnetic and fluid properties and have found a diverse range of applications,such as in audio devices, inertia dampers, stepper motors,sensors, vacuum seals, electromagnetic shielding, and high density digital storage.W1Namely, besides the customary superparamagnetism a strong reduction of the magnetization of nanoparticles with respect to bulk value is observed. By both implicit and explicit tests, this reduction was proven to be due to a noncollinear spin construction.s1Ferrofluids containing magnetic nanoparticles with single domains and superparamagnetic at room Temperature and well-dispersed in a carrier fluid are both of fundamental and applied interest in biomedicine,mechanical and sensor technologies,and room temperature magnetic refrigerators.y1(In this research),(in the present workplace),(in this study) the magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipation method.the XRD,TEM and TEM techniques were used to characterize the twist and the size of the nanoparticles.the magnetic properties were evaluated by vibrating sample magnetometer.the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were dispersed into water to obtain the desired nanofluids.tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide was used as dispersant.2. Experimental Detailsor2. Synthesis and characterization2.1 MaterialsThe starting materials used in this work were ferric chloride hexahydrate(Fe Cl3.6 H2O),ferrous chloride tetrahydrate(F e Cl2.4H2O) aqueous ammonia and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide(N(CH3)4OH).2.2 Synthesis procedureAn acqeous ferrofluid material was prepared by a co-precipitation method . The synthesis is based on the reaction of iron ions in an aqueous ammonia solution to form magnetite Fe3O4 in the following form2Fe3++Fe2++8NH3.H2O=Fe3O4+8NH4+ +4H2OTo synthesis Fe3O4 nanoparticles, Fe Cl3.6 H2O (1M) and Fe Cl2.4H2O (2M) were prepared by dissolving iron salts in HCl (2M) solution.typically , 4ml of Fe Cl3 and 1ml of Fe Cl2 were mixed in a molar ratio of 21.then 50ml of ammonia aqueous solution was added into the solution with vigorous stirring at room temperature.a black precipitate was obtained.the precipitate was separated by applying a magnet and washing with distilled water several(prenominal) times until the PH decrease to7. tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide was used as dispersant.the nanoparticles are coated with hydroxyl ions of the tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide ,which themselves attract a character of strong positive ions.this surface structure creates electrostatic interparticle repulsion that can overcome coagulation forces of magnetic and van der waals attractions.2.3 CharacterizationX-ray powder diffraction(XRD) fleshs were obtained by an X-ray diffractometer using K radiation(=1.54060) ( )The shape,size distribution and morphology of the particles were examined by using transmission electron microscope(TEM).( )(The nanoparticles are characterized in detail by TEM). TEM experiment was performed on a Philips CM30 electron microscope with an acceleration voltage of 150 kV.Magnetization versus applied field were carried out withVSM (Lake shore 7404).3. Result and DiscussionFig. 1 shows the X-rays powder diffraction pattern of iron oxide nanoparicles in the ferrofluid sample.the spectral lines are broad because the grain are small.()relatively wide peaks are related to small size of nanoparticles.all the observed peaks can be indexed to the Fe3O4 crystal structure .the peaks are characteristic of cubic system with Fd-3m space group.()the considered profile can be suitably fitted by considering the crystalline structure of either magnetite(cubic structure,Fd-3m group,ICSD reference code 98-011-1284)or maghemite(cubic structure P4132 group,ICSD reference code 00-39-1346).beacuse of overlapping reflections in the XRD pattern,it was not possible to obtain a good fit by taking simultaneously into account both phases.using the Debye-scherer equation,the crystallite size was determined to be around 10 nm.Fig .1. XRD spectra of the particle Fig .2. TEM image of Fe3O4 nanoparticlesTEM image(Fig. 2)show that the particles are roughly spherical and polydispersed))(approximately spherical in shape).The particle sizes, by considering about 115 particle, range from 8to30nm.the average size of the particles observed in the TEM image is in the range of 13nm, which is good agreement with that estimated by Debye-Scherrer formula from the XRD pattern.( )This i s larger than the crystallite size determined by XRD,perhaps due to the presence of an amorphous surface layer. (the difference betwixt XRD and TEM may come from the surface coating layer).fig .3. Magentic hysteresis of Fe3O4Fig. 3 displays the magnetic hysteresis curve of the ferrofluid evaluated by VSM at room temperature,which is obtained from the magnetization cycle.we can see that the saturation magnetization(Ms)of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles was about 35 emu/g which is disdain than that of the bulk Fe3O4 (92 emu/g).the Ms value decrease with decrease in crystallite size for mono-domain particles due to the surface spin canting (disorder) and thermal fluctuations.i1. ( Komada et al. have attributed the reduction of magnetization in magnetic oxide nanoparticles to the existence of canted spins and /or a spin-glass-like behavior of the surface spins.M1).The saturation magnetion magnate decrease on Fe3O4 Fe2O3 transformation because the magnetization of Fe2O3 is slightly less tha n that of Fe3O4 in bulk materials.j1It is well known that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles show a superparamagnetic property. When a magnetic field was applied, the dipolar particles aligned themselves with the applied magnetic field, and resulted in a measurable magnetization. The saturation magnetization of theferrofluid was about 35 emu/g in the ferrofluid, which was lower than the saturation magnetization of pure Fe3O4 nanoparticles (50 emu/g), due to the fact that the saturation magnetization reduced significantly when the particle size was smaller than 10 nm. Also, the saturation magnetization of Fe2O3 nanoparticles was lower than that of Fe3O4 nanoparticles .So the saturation magnetization of nanoparticles in the ferrofluid, which consisted of a small amount of Fe2O3 nanoparticles, was lower than that of pure Fe3O4 nanoparticles.w1Furthermore, zero remenance and nearly zero coercivity can be observed for the nanoparticles on the hysteresis curve, which indicates that the particles are superparamagnetism.this is related to the fine crystallite size of Fe3O4 particles,which are in the nanometer range.4. ConclusionIn this study, superparamagnetic magnetite ferrofluid were successfully synthesized. The XRD,TEM and VSM techniques were used to characterized the structure size and magnetic properties of nanoparticles.It was concluded that the spherical nanoparticles synthesized in this work were superparamagnetic

Internet Censorship Survey Essay -- Technology Computers Essays

internet Censorship SurveyTopics of censorship involving the different media have always drawn lively responses from commonwealth when asked about them. The media categories of television, printing and recordings now include the earnings. I conducted a survey of passel to find out their opnion on the new medium. I asked people, Do you figure that there should be censorship on the earnings?. I conducted this survey during the week of February 14, 1997. I particularly chose this oral sex because of these reasons the recent news stories of children being lured into disparage after being contacted via Internet the reports of the availability of pornography the recent cases tried on the bases of obscenity laws the forthcoming U.S. Supreme Court hearing on Internet censorship my own awareness of what is available on the Internet the fast-pace growth and presence of the Internet, and the controversy of censorship on other mediums. Before conducting the survey, I predicted that Inter net users would answer no to censorship on the Internet in overwhelming numbers. So, I would have to ask if the person used the Internet. I also predicted that my question would be perceived as important only to Internet users-- that I would have to convince someone that does not use the Internet to answer my survey. I even thought that I might conduct some of the survey on the Internet. I would find out later that there were plenty of Internet users in my survey without conducting it online. I also predicted that younger participants would say no to censorship on the Internet. I predicted that the older the person was, the more likely that they would buy at censorship on the Internet. I believe this because of my own experiences. I still think ... ...would answer no to censorship on the Internet. Since eleven did answer no I was partially right. Because eight answered no and two maybe, I was partially wrong too. I had also predicted younger aged people would say no to censorship on the Internet. I placed this prognostication on my own experience. That was proven wrong. Age was not a factor. If there was a large people of teens in the survey, maybe the answer would be different. This could be a theme for another survey. In conclusion, I thought the survey yielded many statistics. It was taken in four places with a mix of people that were all different. The events of surveying that are the most memorable were the events not recorded. I have learned to survey people around me for answers to important topics. I believe that the next survey I conduct will have a box for other reactions and replies I receive.

Eulogy for Grandmother :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for GrandmotherMy grandmother was a truly amazing person. She was brilliant, compassionate, and go forthgoing, a fantastic terpsichorean with a finger of humor, and without any ego at all. In other words, exactly like meSeriously, though, we have a lot in common. Among other things, I inherited her curled hair, her mind for trivia, and her obsession with books and music... She preferred mystery novels and jazz standards, while I liked science fiction and rock n roll, but those going aways atomic number 18 only skin-deep. corresponding she always said, I guess thats why they make chocolate and vanilla ice cream. (She preferred butter pecan.)That reminds me of one small difference between us she was an amazing cook, while I still have trouble boiling water. Meatballs with all-day sauce, stuffed shells, followed by icebox cake... It was all so good. You could walk into her flatbed and pass out from the smells alone. It makes me hungry just looking about it. And when Id w alk home from elementary school and let myself into her empty apartment, there would always be a origin on the TV, telling me that there were cookies and milk in the fridge. Its the little things... I always knew that she was thinking about me.As we both grew older, we grew up to now closer. I did rough pretty terrible things in high school, but she always took my side, even when I was clearly in the wrong. She defended and protected me, mostly from my mom. age later, at my wedding, she serenaded us in a garden in Cambria, accompanied by a jazz band. She sang, It had to be you, wonderful you... It had to be you. She had such a beautiful notification voice, and I swear, she must have known the lyrics to every single song written before 1959.We shared a dance afterwards. even out though I was taller than her, she still made me feel like a little boy, as we danced cheek-to-cheek. It was the best day of my life.When I think of her, I think of her warm embrace. On my bad days, she w ould hold and comfort me. Grandma would wrap me in her arms and protect me from the rest of the world, and make me feel that everything was going to be all right. change surface in her hospital bed, holding her hand and listening to her soft breath, I wanted to kick my shoes off and be hugged by those safe, strong arms.Eulogy for Grandmother Eulogies EulogyEulogy for GrandmotherMy grandmother was a truly amazing person. She was brilliant, compassionate, and outgoing, a fantastic dancer with a sense of humor, and without any ego at all. In other words, exactly like meSeriously, though, we have a lot in common. Among other things, I inherited her curly hair, her mind for trivia, and her obsession with books and music... She preferred mystery novels and jazz standards, while I liked science fiction and rock n roll, but those differences are only skin-deep. Like she always said, I guess thats why they make chocolate and vanilla ice cream. (She preferred butter pecan.)That reminds me of one small difference between us she was an amazing cook, while I still have trouble boiling water. Meatballs with all-day sauce, stuffed shells, followed by icebox cake... It was all so good. You could walk into her apartment and pass out from the smells alone. It makes me hungry just thinking about it. And when Id walk home from elementary school and let myself into her empty apartment, there would always be a note on the TV, telling me that there were cookies and milk in the fridge. Its the little things... I always knew that she was thinking about me.As we both grew older, we grew even closer. I did some pretty terrible things in high school, but she always took my side, even when I was clearly in the wrong. She defended and protected me, mostly from my mom.Years later, at my wedding, she serenaded us in a garden in Cambria, accompanied by a jazz band. She sang, It had to be you, wonderful you... It had to be you. She had such a beautiful singing voice, and I swear, she must have known the lyrics to every single song written before 1959.We shared a dance afterwards. Even though I was taller than her, she still made me feel like a little boy, as we danced cheek-to-cheek. It was the best day of my life.When I think of her, I think of her warm embrace. On my bad days, she would hold and comfort me. Grandma would wrap me in her arms and protect me from the rest of the world, and make me feel that everything was going to be all right. Even in her hospital bed, holding her hand and listening to her soft breath, I wanted to kick my shoes off and be hugged by those safe, strong arms.

The African Trilogy - ‘writing back’ to Mister Johnson :: Essays Papers

The African Trilogy - written material back to Mister JohnsonThe African Trilogy has been the subject of more critical discussion since the publication of Things Fall Apart forty years ago. Some of this critical work has focused on the trilogy as a postcolonial work, writing back to the previous colonial works on Africa, such as those produced by Joseph Conrad and Joyce Cary. Achebe has himself alluded to these works as part of his motivation for becoming a writer, art them appalling novels about Africa. More specifically he has saidI know around 51, 52, I was quite certain that I was going to fork over my hand at writing, and one of the things that set me thinking was Joyce Carys novel, set in Nigeria, Mister Johnson, which was praised so much, and it was clear to me that it was a mostsuperficial picture of - not only of the commonwealth - but even of the Nigerian character, and so I thought if this was famous, then perhaps someone ought to look at this from the inside ( Duerde n Dennis, and Cosmo Pieterse, eds. African Writers Talking A Collection of Radio Interviews. London Heinemann, 1972.)Looking at this from the inside, involved drawing on the model of his suffer Igbo golf-club and its oral traditions. By reconstructing a picture and narrative of Africa, and using Carys fiction as a point of departure, Achebe set out to challenge the colonialist depiction of Africans and their society.Although both Mister Johnson and The African Trilogy are concerned with similar issues, the ways in which these issues are confronted are strikingly different. In contrast to the simple, baby-like natives of Carys novel, Achebes characters are complex, multi-dimensional figures in their own right. While the African society of Mister Johnson is portrayed as uncivilized, simple, corrupt, the Igbo society of Things Fall Apart is shown as having grown from a long tradition of careful decision-making and a carefully system of religious, social and political beliefs. A rebu ttal to the African world portrayed by Cary takes the form of an intelligent portrayal of the character of Okonkwo and the society of Umuofia. As opposed to Cary, Achebe explores, in depth, the relationship between the individual and the social context in which his emotional and psychological make-up has developed. In addition, he gives us in Okonkwo a protagonist we can identify with rather than laugh atPerhaps down in his heart Okonkwo was not a poisonous man.

Impact of Imagery Essay -- essays papers

Impact of Imagery The use of imagery in a short story has a great deal of effect on the impact of the story. A story with effective imagery will give the commentator a clear mental prospect of what is happening and enhance what the writer is trying to convey to the reader. William Faulkner exhibits excellent imagery that portrays vivid illustrations in ones mind that enhances, A Rose for Emily. The following paragraphs will demonstrate how Faulkner uses imagery to illustrate descriptive pictures of people, places and things that allow Faulkner to titillate the senses. It was a big, squarish frame house that had once been white, adorn with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies, set on what had once been our most select street (287). Faulkner starts the story off with a mental picture of Emilys house to be an old Victorian house. It is on a street that is commercializing which makes the house stand out and appear out of place. A commentary of Emily discloses her similarity to the house. She looked bloated, like a body, long submerged in motionless water, and that of palled hue (288). Faulkner describes her like this so that the reader may picture a pale, onetime(a) woman, who seemingly hasnt done much but eat, having no muscle tone, and clumps of fat more or less clinging to her body. She was sickly old woman. An even immediate look at her face reveals her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough (288). This verbal description enhances the mental picture of Emily even more. The overly chubby face, gives the reader a definite mental picture of an old and obese woman. Faulkne... ...uched for many years, collecting carcass and fading in color. As the room is being described, the reader almost should feel as if he or she is one of the neighbors who just broke complicate the door. If the reader felt as if he o r she was in the story, Faulkner successfully and effectively created imagery. When the writer successfully creates imagery, the reader should be able to have a clear mental picture of what is happening and feel as if they are looking through the narrators eyes. William Faulkner displays excellent imagery which helps the reader give way understand the real meaning of the story. Faulkners imagery of the people, places, and things in his stories, creates a painting type image, which truly titillates the senses.BibliographyWorks Cited1. Barnet, Sylvan. An Introduction to Literature. Eleventh Edition. Longman Inc. New York, 1997.

The Socioreligious Significance of Rice A comparison between two Southeast Asian societies :: essays papers

The Socioreligious Significance of Rice A comparison between two Southeast Asian societiesWithout rice, there is nothing doing.Introduction.The fact that rice plays an important constituent in the lives of the peoples of Southeast Asia is undeniable. It is not just a form of sustenance that nourishes the body it is also an aspect of everyday life that feeds not only the psyche but the unbounded realms of the imaginative human mind. Such proverbs as in a higher place are an example of how rice is revered and incorporated in day-to-day animation of the peoples in this domain. Even outside the region, as in Mizumono Kuni the Land of Luxurious Rice Crops that is Japan, the placement of rice is that of a very high level side by side(p) to the Emperor, rice is the most sacred of all things on earth. Money can be squandered and the wastrel forgiven, but there is no forgiveness for waste rice (Piper 199314).In Southeast Asia, rice is chattern as the basis of almost all the cultures a nd civilizations ever created. It is also said to be responsible for the high populations of this region for if it wasnt for rice that had replaced the millets and other staple food rambles that preceded it, far fewer people could have been supported by agriculture (Piper 19931). The truth remains that the lot of the cultures of Southeast Asia constitutes agriculturalists with rice as the main crop, with a few exceptions of course, in more industry-oriented nations for example. Two main elements can be derived firstly, since rice has been the major crop cultivated in Southeast Asia for perhaps more than 7,000 years, surely cultures and civilization are interwoven with each other (Piper 19931). One can safely affect that that long a time must have been ample enough for gradual evolutions and intermixing of cultures and traditions, rituals and beliefs and so on that is closely linked to rice, so we can see similarities between cultures of different countries within this region that may have even perpetuated from the same roots. And the same goes to the careful selections of good varieties of rice over time. Secondly, rice is such an adaptive crop that it is not impossible to successfully grow it in different environments where crops could not have been grown successfully- from swampy valleys and deltas to hot, dry land above the floods and even in the mountain forests (Piper 19931).