The Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

The Great Gatsby EssayLiterature by definition may consist of texts based on factual information (journalistic or non-fiction), as well as on original imagination, such as polemical plant as well as autobiography, and reflective essays as well as belles-lettres. The Great Gatsby has the following particular characteristics of a literary texts The first literary fixings of the novel is the plot, the protagonist is Jay Gatsby, a young, wealthy man in love with a society girl from his past. He tries to build a invigoration with her scarcely fate and bad luck turn tragic. The next key element is the theme, Fitzgerald demonstrates many themes including the decline of the American dream. The American dream was originally about discovery, individualism, and the followers of happiness. In the 1920s depicted in the novel, however, easy money and relaxed social values have corrupted this dream, especially on the vitamin E Coast. A uph quondam(a) important theme of the novel would b e the hollowness of the upper class, the sociology of wealth, specifically, how the newly minted millionaires of the 1920s differ from and relate to the old aristocracy of the countrys richest families.What the old aristocracy possesses in taste, however, it seems to lack in heart, as the East Eggers prove themselves careless, inconsiderate bullies who are so used to moneys ability to peacefulness their minds that they never worry about hurting others. The presence of characters is also a characteristic of the literary texts. In The Great Gatsby we have Jay Gatsby the main character an wishful dreamer searching desperately to repeat the past in a different context.Nick Carraway a young graduate from Yale which aspires to be a generator who is irresistibly attracted by the lifestyle of richness, opulence and extravagance but ends up being a supporter and admirer of Gatsbys morals and values. Daisy Buchanan, Nicks cousin and the object of the main characters affection a careless, b eautiful society girl with warm, fascinating gestures. Tom Buchanan is Daisys husband and the give-and-take of and immensely wealthy and socially solid family, a man without morals who can and will do anything to get what he wants.Among the other characters of he discussion we can find Jordan Baker, Myrtle and George Wilson and Meyer Wolfsheim. The setting of the novel takes place right after The Great War in the 1920s mostly in East and West Egg but also in New York. The major conflict is the fact that Daisys refuses Gatsby despite the vast fortune he has pile up for her because of his unclear past. The climax of the book the confrontation between Tom and Jay is in chapter 7 and takes place at the Plaza Hotel in New York. The narrative contribution of the novel is Nick which tells the story in the first person because he is part of it too.The mood is largely dark, pessimistic, and vapid as set by the aimlessness and carelessness of the wealthy, the ongoing string of meaningless parties, the ugliness of the Valley of Ashes, and the tragic deaths of Gatsby and Myrtle. Only Nick Carraways honest and moral view of life breaks the sense of tragedy. Among the literary proficiencys use in the novel we can recognize the following The presence of the direct and indirect characterization made by the narrator and deducted from the characters gestures and attitudes, the dialogue, the foreshadowing technique is also present through the mysterious calls Gatsby receives.Most important all types of irony are present in the text, verbal irony is present in the conflicts between Tom and Gatsby, situational irony, when Daisy ends up killing Toms mistress by accidentally running over her with Jays car and dramatic irony, when George Wilson murders Gatsby because he assumes Gatsby was the wealthy man his wife, Myrle, was having an affair with. Considering all the above, The Great Gatsby by Scott F. Fitzgerald is a modernist novel based on the reality of the post war 1920s, in spired from the authors life which satisfies all the requirements in order to be called a literary work.

Reduce,Reuse and Reclycle Essay Example for Free

Reduce,Re subprogram and Reclycle EssayPracticing these three steps (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) helps us less(prenominal)en the environmental impact that manufacturing and distributing products have on our environment. Reducing idle is the most effective 3 R practice, because it means not producing unnecessary waste in the first place So at that place is zero impact on the environment. If we reduce what we buy and use in the first place and reuse wherever possible, fewer things need to be recycled and the derive of waste we produce will fall. The next best is Reuse, because it extends the life of a product.That item still had to be made but it is used over and over, trim the need to make new stuff. Recycling in the end is the reprocessing of materials. It helps reduce contaminant caused by waste and the need of raw material so that rainforests whoremaster be preserved. BENEFITS We are going to give you some tips and practical examples how to save money, energy and the en vironment. 1. Do not waste food, make sure that you buy what you are going to consume, give leftovers to your pets or discard them in a responsible way. (Environmental friendly). 2. Grow your own vegetable, fruits, and flowers.3.When you leave a room always turn the lights take Do not forget to switch off all the electrical equipments, turn down your emersion heater. 4. Instead of using dishwasher, wash dishes by manpower from the sink 5. Always turn the tap off when you wash your teeth. You do not need the tap running when you are brushing your teeth. 6. Instead of buying a lot of books, you can borrow from the library or charity shops. 7. Do not automatically get rid of your old newspaper use it in place of paper towels to clean glasses and mirrors. Shred it to make packaging materials, use it as a fire starter.8.Reuse junk billet envelops for your own mail. Just put a label over the see through window or if the envelop has a bar code at the bottom, run a black marker through it. 9. Do not dump water you use to cook vegetable water your plants with it. 10. Use the commonplace transport (trains, undergrounds) rather than cars to reduce pollution. ADVANTAGES OF RECYCLING Recycling uses much less energy than producing new materials from scratch. This means less fossil fuel is burnt and less greenhouse gas is emitted. The vast majority of materials collected from your doorstep are recycled and used in the UK.This means less fuel is used to export waste and import new materials. Recycling helps to reduce pollution, Co2 emissions caused by waste and preserve natural resources for futures generations. Recycling is one of the best ways for you to have a positive impact on the planet in which we live. It is so important to both, the natural environment and us (Human beings). N. B However, recycling still bring to passs some pollution because it is an industrial process. Thats why Reduce and Reuse are the most important of the 3 R practice. Did you know?Recyclin g Aluminium uses only quintuplet per cent of the energy and emissions needed to make it from raw materials. Each year in the UK, we go through over 1. 2 million Tonnes of electrical waste. (Thats the equivalent of 150 Thousand double decker buses). Prevention is better than cure as the doctors say. Therefore, we must act fast as the amount of waste we create is increasing all the time. We are going to conclude our topic with this wise and pertinent citation of Margaret Mead Never doubt a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.

How the Characters React Towards the Shooting of Candys Og Essay Example for Free

How the Characters React Towards the Shooting of edulcorates Og EssayThe way the characters react towards the shooting of Candys mark reveals a lot bunt the characters that we might not have expected. Carlson offers to shoot the old dog, complaining many times of the smell. The shooting of Candys dog shows the callousness of Carlson and the reality of old age and infirmity. Carlson typifies the custody George describes as the l sensationliest guys in the world. He is knocked out(p)wardly friendly, but essentially selfish. He finds the smell of an old dog offensive so the dog must be shot. He shows very myopic regard to the dogs owner, Candy. He relentlessly pursues the dogs death, more for his own comfort than to amaze the dog out of its misery. However, Steinbeck does show some sympathy in Carlson, when he suggests he wont even feel it, referring to Candys dogs death. This is contrasted to Candys procrastination to honk this event off when he says maybe tomorra, Les wa it till tomorra Steinbeck displays that Candy is trying to delay the sit down of his dog and his reluctance to end his dogs life shows how much he loves the animal. Carlson had refused to be drawn in this suggest that Carlson is determined and not to be put off.When Carlson brutally keeps after(prenominal) hind enddy, candys reaction is described in the adverbs Steinbeck has used uneasily, hopefully, hopelessly, and the way candy reacts Candy looked for help from face to face. When he reaches out to Slim for help, even Slim says it would be better to put the dog down. Slim is portrayed as serene and a good listener/perceiver in this novel, and when Steinbeck suggests the skinner had been studying the old dog with his calm eyes referring to Slim, it suggests that he had been very thoughtful about the whole incident and even showed his apprehension and considerateness when he reminded Carlson to take a shovel, so Candy will be spared the glimpse of the corpse. I wisht somebodyd s hoot me if I besot an a cripple are the words Slim uses that Candy later echoes when he considers his own future.This perceptibly puts Candy in deep thought, it shows Candys realisation of his own mortality when Slim states this. The dog, in this case tells us something of the owner. When Steinbeck shows the dog nearing the end of its days it could show that candy was too. Also Steinbeck employs irony by saying that he wanted someone to shoot him when he got old and crippled which he almost is. Slim also reassures Candy when he says you can have a pup if you want to. When Candy finally gives in and allows Carlson to shoot his dog, it shows the reader that candy wants to be over and done with and wants his dog a swift and painless death. There is some empathy shown when Carlson says come on boy to soften the blow for the dog and more so Candy. Once Carlson has taken the dog to shoot, Steinbeck builds the tension within the characters just before the dog is killed.George followed to the door and shut the door this proposes Georges kind nature and sympathy towards Candy and his dog- this could be one reason as to why George did not give an opinion on whether Candys dog should be shot. When George offers anybody like to play a little euchre it is evidently shown that George is trying to change the topic and he doesnt want to worry Candy about the dog, this makes the reader see George taking wads emotions into account before his own, we also saw this earlier in the book when George stands up for Lennie. We see this again when George ripple the edge of the deck nervously this shows that he is also concerned about the whole situation.It is evident that whit also showed concern indirectly when he says what the hell is taking him so longsighted. When Steinbeck repeats a minute passed, and another minute he purposely extends the sentence which is a reflection as it prolongs the moment. And then when Steinbeck says the silence came into the room. And the silence las ted. Steinbeck employs short duration sentences which make the moment seem longer and intensify the significance of that specific time. After the shot sound in the distance we are told that Candy slow rolled over and faced the wall and lay silent, this reaction suggests that candy tried to bravely take in what just happened by twist his back to it and attempting to keep unruffled.The use of short sentence shows us that initially after the shot, there were no comments by anyone which implied that it left them in shock and the realisation of what just happened was slowly sinking in everyones head. Steinbecks employment of repetition of conjunctions with and lengthens the sentence at the end, expanding the climax of the scene, as the audience wants to know what happened to Candy, after his most beloved companion has gone. Carlson even cleans his gun in front of Candy after the deed is done, this reinforces his brutal character. While it may be original that killing the dog put it ou t of its misery, little concern is shown for Candys feelings after a lifetime of caring for the dog. Now Candy is like the rest of them alone.

The Challenges Faced By Environmental Management Systems Business Essay

The Challenges Faced By Environmental solicitude brasss Business EssayThis look into is about the Environmental Management System (ISO 14001) and does the packaging companies take (ISO 14001) because as we know packaging perseverance is one of the industry that generate massive arrive of waste. Thus this waste must be managed c arefully to bring down the impact to the environment. Further investigation will be carry out into the role that the packaging companies played towards the current environmental issues. Basically an Environmental Management System is a management system that passel helps an organization to manage its environmental impacts and alike a way which can lessen such impacts efficaciously in the long run. The packaging industry is an industry that responsible to enclosing or protecting certain products for distribution, longer duration of storage and also for merchandise purposes to attract consumers.The environmental issue has been always the world agenda since early of 1992 when a group of inter case organisations for examples the United Nations Conference in Environmental and Development, adult male Health Organization and also the Non- Governmental Organization setting standards to exert sustainable environment. The term sustainable environment was used by the well cognise Brundtland Commission which is now widely been quoted as development that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.The Environmental Management System (ISO 14001) is one of the standards in the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) family tree and the British Standard BS 7750 was the first standard to be created at that time. According to Krut and Gleckman (1998)This international association of national standard- setting bodies was set up to facilitate international commerce by standardizing technical specifications. It works closely with the International Electrotechnical Commi ssion (IEC). In many areas, from ambience cards to telecommunication bandwidths to plumping supplies, business and the public experience significant advantages from ISO and IEC activity. (Kurt and Gleckman, 1998, pp.2).Although the issues of environmental being a great debate from varied group of wad especially the environmentalist but there is still lack of awareness among the public itself. This is also due to the lack of commitment from the local government to contract this important message to the public. This result was chosen because the researcher took the subject of Environmental Issues in Business before and found that in society to sustain in a business first we have to understand well about what is the Sustainable Environment and how does it affect a business in the long run. explore Aims ObjectivesThe aim of this research is to examine the Environmental Management System (ISO 14001) practices in packaging companies located in North East of England. This followed by 3 objectives to sum with the aim above and there are to identify the reasons of the subscribe toion of the Environmental Management System, to identify the problems companies faced when getting certified to ISO 14001, and lastly to examine the companys operation before and after adopting the Environmental Management System.Literature ReviewIn this section will discuss about the previous research has been done to this topic and also demonstrate to the reader how well does the researcher knows about this particular topic of Environmental Management System (ISO 14001). Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2007, p.57) commented that reviewing the literature critically will endure the foundation on which your research is built and also the main purpose is to help the researcher to develop a good understanding and insight into applicable previous research and the trend that have emerged.There are plenty of books, journals and articles discussing about the environmental issues, how does the industrial sector can minimize their waste by adopting the Environmental Management System and also why businesses needs to play an important role towards the sustainability of the environment. No doubt all human being animateness in this world today does created much of their own waste (motor cars and the consumptions of CFCs in air conditioners or refrigerators) to the environment itself but the waste and pollutions created from the industrial sector are much more severe. According to Whitelaw (1997)If we look back to the to the Industrial Revolution, we might see this as the period when the inventiveness and innovation of human beings, and the resultant mechanization of manufacturing processes began to have negative impacts upon the environment. Prior to this period, any negative environmental impacts tended to be localized for example, forest were cut down without any future regard. (Whitelaw, 1997, pp. 2).Another agent does agree with the same argument above and stated that Businesses are the core of the environmental debate and are central both to the pollution problem and to the solutionthe activities of industry provide employment, and investments drive economic growth. However, in doing so, be it because of the resources that they consumer, the processes they apply or the products that they manufacture, business activities are a major contributor to environmental destruction. (Welford, 1994, pp. 3).One of the solutions for businesses to minimize their wastage is to implement the Environmental Management System (EMS) and getting certification of ISO 14001. Jorgensen (2000) defined the EMSAn EMS is part of the enterprises overall management system. It includes the organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for implementing and maintaining environmental management. It includes those aspects of management that plan, develop, implement, achieve, review, maintain and improve the enterpr ises environmental policy, objectives and targets. (Jorgensen, 2000, pp.75).Implementing the EMS does not unaccompanied helps businesses to reduce their wastage but also will improve the environmental performance and this can lead to a break up corporate image of the businesses itself. According to Jorgensen (2000)EMS offers a structured and systematic method to incorporate environmental care in all aspects of business. The aim is not only to comply with environmental regulations and minimize the (financial) risks of liabilities and costs but to improve the environmental performance continuously and through this improve corporate image and gain rivalrous advantage. (Jorgensen, 2000, pp. 75).There are many large organizations for example BT Group in UK which takes the environmental management very seriously into their business. According to BT GroupIn 1990 the BT room made a commitment to optimise environmental management across the company. Since then, we have made real strides towards our goal of world class environmental management. mood change is higher than ever on the agenda for government and business. BTs response to this is a new plan which takes some ambitious steps to cut our emissions of cytosine dioxide. Having already reduced our carbon footprint by 58% in the UK, we have now set a target to achieve an 80% decrease in our carbon intensity worldwide by 2020. BT consumes 0.7% of the UKs entire electricity, so we think we can make an important difference. We have pledged to reduce the amount of carbon we emit as a business and help others to do the same. We are encouraging our suppliers, customers and employees to take action. We also believe that communications technology can be harnessed to help address climate change. (http//www.btplc.com/Societyandenvironment/Environmentandclimatechange/Environmentandclimatechange.htm, no date).Further discussion of the objectives and more detailed literature review will be cover in the posterior part of t his research project.MethodologyResearch Approach StrategyThe research betterment that will be use to apply in this topic is the Inductive Approach. Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2007, p. 118) commented that the purpose (Inductive Approach) here would be to get a feel of what was going on, so as to understand better the nature of the problem. This approach is best to be combining with the qualitative selective information and is being suggested to use different kind of methods to collect the data in order to get different point of view. (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007, p.119). Since the environmental issues can be categorized under the real life context, the Case Study Strategy is more suitable to use in this research as the case study strategy is based on a real life context investigation.Types of information essentialInformation that is required for this research is to find out how the environmental issues affect the business sector especially the packaging companies in t he north east of England (regulations that needs to be follow, government, investor and also the public pressure), did the business owners take any initiative to protect the environment, some useful data from the Environment Agency in UK, why those companies choose to adopt the EMS or get certified for ISO 14001 (corporate image, attract more investors and consumers, able to help the companies in certain way or just for the seek for adopting it) and lastly to canvas the performance before and after adopting the EMS and also to create awareness to the companies that the importance of sustainable environment/business.Data collectionThe main data collection for this research project will be from conducting an converse with around 8 packaging companies that are located in the North East of England. The length of each interview will be approximately 15-25 minutes. Voice recording, video recording and notes taking will be acquire to form a transcript at the later part for this research. Semi- structured interviews is the type of interview to be use in this research as questions from interview can be omit or go according to the background of the company and also the background of the interviewee.Secondary DataThe secondary data collection is also one of the ways to collect data for the research project. Secondary data consists of 3 types and there are documental Secondary Data, Multiple Source- Secondary Data and the Survey Secondary Data. In order to meet the objectives in this research project, reports and database from the potential companies are very valuable and in addition the journals, articles, newspaper and also books publication could also be sources for this research. Documentary Secondary Data and the Multiple Source- Secondary Data will be used in the research.Methods/Strategy linked to project objectives

Engineering Description or Classification of Weathered Rocks

Engineering Description or Classification of Weathered pits instaurationThe description and Classification of Weathered inclinations brought together a series of important studies by leading geologist and engineering researchers due to the countless difficulties encountered by engineers in withstand swing atomic number 18as, how it affects site exploration, plan and evaluation steps during projects. In the 1950s there has been a considerable amount of literature published on the enactment of hold rocks and engineering properties of weathered veridicals, but there was little or no standardisation of descriptive terminology during this period, the use of these published data for the prediction of the engineering behaviour away from the original study areas is limited. Thereafter the publications by the Geological ordination Engineering Group working(a) Party the International Society of Rock Mechanics, the British Standards Institution, the International Association of Engin eering Geologist and Dearman have rationalised the terminology by the use of standard descriptive indices and simple index testing. These turning aways enable the geologist or Civil engineer to describe the materials and rock structure in engineering terms, and how it has been adopted for general practice worldwide. However the choice of which contrivance to use is principally dependent on the preference of the engineer responsible.Background AnalysisThe earliest attempts to classify weathered rocks in such a manner that will sanction useful to engineering goes back to the early 1950s when weathering classification of granite was introduced by Moye in the Snowy Mountains of Australia. Moye proposed the scheme for the promotion and identification of engineering properties of weathered rock materials and how it would help to formulate the weathering terms of granite when they are apply during site investigation by non-homogeneous group of persons.Six classes of rock materials we re described based on the concept that logging of cores would be done on the basis of recognition of weathering types irrespective of order surface or downwards and without any attempt satisfactory the initial results of the logging into a formatted or general weathering profile with subsequent zones established in the rock mass. Little (1967), discussing laterites, suggested that the Moye classification could be applied to other(a) lateritic-type soils and would be more successful for the purpose, than the usual temperate soil classification into clay, silts etc. The interesting feature was that Little applied grade numbers to the various horizontal surfaces of weathering recognised by Moye (1955) grade I was fresh rock and grade VI was rock weathered to a residual soil.Then the classifications of weathered rock came to a stage where a group of specialist came together in the UK and published a report on the first formalised weathering classification of rocks under(a) the name of Geological Society Engineering Group Working Party Report on The Logging of Rock Cores for Engineering Purposes (Anon, 1970 in (Dearman, 1995). Its evident that this was in any case mainly based on the classification of (Moye, 1955) scheme. However, few amendments were make the Moyes granitic soil term was changed to residual soil thereby increasing the number of categories from cardinal to seven classes. Thus the new scheme was suggested to apply for a broader range of rocks while it was initially devised to granite. Another point of interest was that of the Working Party scheme which relied mostly on general descriptions and observations, which includes friability while that of Moye was based on classification on specific index test.To pave the way for the mass scheme recommendation in BS5930 1981 (Anon, 1995), thus the latter scheme grades were reduced back to 6 as it was originally done by (Moye, 1955) and the same terminology was used with a complete different meaning. The argument over using the description of the materials or the mass scales for a classification came on. However, the required different approaches was advocated and grading the materials recommended to be decomposed, disintegrated, fresh and discoloured. Duncan (1969) also proposed a scheme based on texture, structure, composition and classification (calcareous or non-calcareous), colour and grain size.Following the publication of BS5930 1981, attempts have been made at developing classification schemes which allow the degree of weathering to be defined for different lithologies, (Table.2) (Anon 1970, Anon 1977, BS 5930 1981). The early schemes (Anon 1970, for instance) were based on the chemical weathering of granite rocks and delineated a hybrid material grade and zone scheme. In 1977, the working party of the Engineering Group of Geological Society on the Description of Rock Masses (Geological Society of London 1977) clearly separated the description of weathering on a rock mass scale. This scheme, like the earlier ones, placed great ferocity on the weathering profiles developed on granitic rocks in tropical and sub-tropical environments, although, little focusing was given for the description of weathering.The British Standard proposed that weathered rock materials whitethorn be described or graded using four terms decomposes, disintegrated, fresh and discoloured, but they did not house any guidance for determining and describing the degree or weathering. Attempts to use these schemes in the description of rock materials have met with difficulty. It is the opinion of the authors that any reference to the degree of weathering should be omitted from the description unless it is known with some matter of course on the basis of experience and knowledge of the typical weathering profile for that rock type. For rock weathering in conditions where physical disintegration dominates, it is unlikely that the degree of weathering may be determined from examinatio n of rock materials alone.The descriptive scheme for weathering was later criticized as being too restrictive in scope and not easily relevant to a wide range of rock types and structural situation, though this was the original intention. As its indicated by (Cragg and Ingman, 1995) a number of problems may arise when (BS5930 1981) is used for major(ip) projects. At the initial stage it is difficult to extrapolate the weathering pattern in two or three dimensions of rock cores. In some occasions this head cannot be fully answered unless closely spaced boreholes are cored, logged and then mass zones are ascribed after the complete set has been logged. In addition, drill-hole may be insufficiently dense for a derivation of a mass tract from material core logs.The critics of (BS5930 1981) do not always have more objective substitute(a) schemes of classifications. For some the type of rock alternative schemes may be preferred over the (BS5930 1981), including (Chandler, 1969) for Mer ica Mudstone and (Chandler, 1972) for Upper Lisa Clay and etc. In a situation where weathering dominates some aspects of geotechnics, the complementary classifications of (Moye, 1955) and (Ruxton and Berry, 1957) were essentially adopted as standards by the Hong Kong Government for engineering descriptions in 1979 (Anon, 1979) in (Anon, 1995), however, it is clear that all these alternatives are site or theatrical role stipulate. They are generally rock mass schemes based and gradational or depth controlled.The IAEG (Anon, 1981c) in (Anon, 1995) recommended a presumably factual scale of percentages of weathering with no guidance for how this scale should be applied. According to the scheme, the degree of weathering can be expressed quantitatively by laboratory study. But these approaches remain liable to lead to misunderstand and disputes concerning descriptions.As far as the problems and difficulties prolonged in all engineering projects in the weathered rocks, the demand for su ch classification increased. Weathered rocks can act particular difficulties especially in site investigations. They are often open textured and weakly bonded they can be very sensitive to disturbance during sampling. as well their profile are often complex and variability cannot be predicted with standard geological interpolation or extrapolation.The confusion, inapplicability of the suggested classification schemes combined with the lack of agreement amid professionals working in the field of operations has led to various bodies producing their own classifications, e.g. (Anon, 1988b). Similarly, many have turned back to the (Anon, 1970) and (Anon, 1972). Some others keep using formation specified schemes like that of (Chandler, 1969).The Engineering Group of the Geological Society in an attempt to make critics see the ambiguity in its thesis has commissioned a Working Party to study the description and classification of weathered rocks for engineering purposes. The Report of W orking Party (1995) provides a scheme for describing the state of weathering for uniform rock materials which are moderately strong or stronger in the fresh state which shows a clear gradation in engineering properties during weathering. The proposed classification scheme requires the use of appropriate index tests such as the point load text and slaking tests.The most logical approach to the problem of classifying degree of weathering is to describe the rock material without attempting to provide a statement on how weathered it may be, apart from commenting on the presence of discolouration, decomposition, voids and softening. Once sufficient descriptive data on the rock material and the rock mass has been acquired to establish the mechanisms and stages of weathering present, a site specific weathering classification can be developed to provide a consistent means of describing both the rock material and, more importantly the rock mass.According to (Anon, 1995) The Working Party th is time preferred to make recommendations rather than attempting to deal with all aspects of weathering. In addition to circulating the draft at various stages among many correspondents and adding valued contribution to it, a three day meeting was held at the Leeds University, UK, in April 1994 for a more elaborate discussion. The Working Party report was then used during a day in the field and employed in the description of the weathered rocks in the laboratory (Anon, 1995).ConclusionApart from the potential communication problems, there is a strong argument for the need to devise a single circumscribed version of the weathered rock classification proposed that might find more general acceptance and be more readily applicable in field assessments, both rock material and rock mass.

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetite Ferrofluid

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetite FerrofluidAbstractA Fe3O4 peeing-based ferrofluid was lively by chemical co-precipitation technique, the magnetized particles were characterized exploitation x-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer)VSM)techniques.the results show that the shape of the nanoparticles is approximately spherical and they are superparacharismatic at room temperature.1. IntroductionFerrofluids are stable colloidal suspensions that comprise of magnetic nanoparticles discharge in base silver-tongued such as water or oil 1.A ferrofluid is a colloidal dispersion of monodomain magnetic particles (size of about 10 nm) of superparamagnetic nature. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are dwarfish synthetic Fe 3 O 4 or -Fe 2 O 3 particles with a core size of o10 nm and an organic or inorganic coating. The particles are well dispersed in a liquid, for medical application normally in water. Superparama gnetic magnetization is, compared to normal paramagnetic materials, much higher and scum bag reach nearly the magnetization fertilisation (M s ) of ferromagnetic iron oxide. This behavior allows the bring in of such particles in a magnetic issue gradient without loosing the advantage of a stable colloidal suspension.S2Ferrofluids are stable suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles and include Fe 3 O 4 , CoFe 2 O 4 , MnZn , CoZn and lithium ferrite in a base liquid. The liquid can be opposite or nonpolar . To fend off nanoparticles agglomeration, the magnetic particles stick to be coat with an appropriate surfactant .This coating makes the ferrofluid stable even so under intense magneticfields . ferrofluids are widely used in industry and clinical applications .w2 magnetized fluids (ferrofluids) with a combined fluidic and magnetic properties have wide applications inindustry and biomedicine. Magnetic Nanoparticles ,such as magnetite(Fe 3 O 4 ),iron(Fe),nickel(Ni),andcobalt(Co), can be applied in magnetic fluid preparing.Among these magnetic NPs Fe 3 O 4 has been extensively adopted in magnetic fluids for its tunable magnetic properties.so far many synthetic strategies are proposed to prepare magnetic fluids of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles.Hereinto ,co-precipitation method acting in oil or water with the presence surfactants is traditional route to prepare magnetic fluids.A1Magnetic nanofluids, also called ferrofluids, are stable colloidal dissolvents consisting of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in a based fluid. The magnetic nanofluid behaves as a smart or functional fluid due to some of its unique features. They have some applications in a variety of fields such as electronic packing, mechanical engineering, aerospace, and bioengineering. i1Water-based magnetic nanofluids are a special category of polar magnetic nanofluids with particular features of particle interactions and agglomerate formation processes. The interest in water-based magnetic nanofluids in the selected bioengineering and biomedical systems has been growing exponentially in the populate decades .Surface coating of nanoparticles and colloidal stability of biocompatible water-based magnetic nanofluids are particularly important for biomedical applications such as magnetic cell detachment, medicine delivery, hyperthermia, and contrast sweetener in magnetic resonance imaging. They have been extensively applied to audio voice coil-damping, intertia-damping apparatuses,bearings, stepping motors, and vacuum seals.i1Ferrofluids, which are magnetic colloids, can be synthesized by dispersing nanosized subdomain magnetic particles of 10 nm in diameter in a common carrier liquid. Such fluids have physical properties that can be modified by an foreign magnetic field and are widely used as functional materials in engineering and technology applications.j1In general, magnetic nanoparticles in ferrofluids are coated with a surfactant to prevent aggregation.In the 1980s, Massart proposed a method for chemical synthesis of aqueous ferrofluids with no surfactant .In this method, an appropriate come in treatment leads to adsorption of H+ or OHions on the surface of the particles, so stable aqueous ferrofluids can be obtained. These ferrofluids are known as ionic ferrofluids or electrical double-layered magnetic fluids .Ionic ferrofluids have attracted considerable attention because of their special behavior and this has led to new cross-disciplinary activities inchemistry, biomedicine and physics.j1Ferrofluids of Fe3 O4 and -Fe2 O3 have attracted considerable attention for various biomedical applications including therapeutic magnetic hyperthermia,targeted drug delivery,and magnetic resonance imaging due to their bio-compatibility and desirable superparamagnetic properties with high saturation magnetization.M1Transition metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) and maghemite ( -Fe 2 O 3 ) are of general interest, due to their interesting m agnetic, electrical, mechanical, catalytical and optical properties.Q1Iron oxide nanoparticles can also be dispersed in specific carrier liquids, giving rise to the so called ferrofluids (FFs0. In particular, FFs are colloidal suspensions of magnetic NPs (usually magnetite or maghemite) with average size in the range from 8 to 20 nm and dispersed in organic/inorganic solvents or different oils(hydrocarbons, syntetics esters, etc). They combine the fluid related properties of the dispersing liquid with the magnetic properties of the solid NPs.Q1FFs have be to be useful for a wide variety of engineering applications such as (i) ironless loudspeakers (ii) specific components for magnetic recording ,(iii) biomagnetics (e.g. hyperthermia ,tissue repairing ,target drug delivery ,cell separation ,magnetic resonance imaging, sensing )(iv) rotating seals and so on. Most of the applications of FFs are related to both their overall thermo/hydrodynamic properties and the magnetic properties of the constituent NPs.Q1Fe3O4 nanoparticles are most frequently elect because of following reasons(i) Fe3O4 is biocompatible,(ii) Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be synthesized at large scale,(iii)the magnetization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles is significantly high,thus allowing these particles to be easily controlled by an away magnetic field.R1Colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in an organic or inorganic carrier liquid,so-called ferrofluids ,are being increasingly studied because of their peculiar physical properties and applications .Because of their small size (520 nm) the particles exhibit oneness magnetic domains and the magnetic fluid displays superparamagnetic behavior .Without external magnetic field the orientation of the magnetic moments of the particles is at random resulting in a vanishing macroscopic magnetization. An external field, however, easily orients the particle magnetic moment leading to large saturation values of the magnetization. Ferrofluids are c lassified into two groups ,ionic (IFF) and surfacted (SFF) ferrofluids, depending on the method used to avoid the aggregation of magnetic particles.T1Ferrofluids are actually superparamagnetic, meaning that a ferrofluid reacts to a magnetic field in the same way as a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic solid, but magnetizes and demagnetizes more rapidly because in a ferrofluid the magnetic domains are the same size as the actual particles.v1Ferrofluids are colloidal dispersions of small single domain magnetic particles suspended in a carrier fluid.Ferrofluids characteristically have both magnetic and fluid properties and have found a diverse range of applications,such as in audio devices, inertia dampers, stepper motors,sensors, vacuum seals, electromagnetic shielding, and high density digital storage.W1Namely, besides the customary superparamagnetism a strong reduction of the magnetization of nanoparticles with respect to bulk value is observed. By both implicit and explicit tests, this reduction was proven to be due to a noncollinear spin construction.s1Ferrofluids containing magnetic nanoparticles with single domains and superparamagnetic at room Temperature and well-dispersed in a carrier fluid are both of fundamental and applied interest in biomedicine,mechanical and sensor technologies,and room temperature magnetic refrigerators.y1(In this research),(in the present workplace),(in this study) the magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipation method.the XRD,TEM and TEM techniques were used to characterize the twist and the size of the nanoparticles.the magnetic properties were evaluated by vibrating sample magnetometer.the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were dispersed into water to obtain the desired nanofluids.tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide was used as dispersant.2. Experimental Detailsor2. Synthesis and characterization2.1 MaterialsThe starting materials used in this work were ferric chloride hexahydrate(Fe Cl3.6 H2O),ferrous chloride tetrahydrate(F e Cl2.4H2O) aqueous ammonia and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide(N(CH3)4OH).2.2 Synthesis procedureAn acqeous ferrofluid material was prepared by a co-precipitation method . The synthesis is based on the reaction of iron ions in an aqueous ammonia solution to form magnetite Fe3O4 in the following form2Fe3++Fe2++8NH3.H2O=Fe3O4+8NH4+ +4H2OTo synthesis Fe3O4 nanoparticles, Fe Cl3.6 H2O (1M) and Fe Cl2.4H2O (2M) were prepared by dissolving iron salts in HCl (2M) solution.typically , 4ml of Fe Cl3 and 1ml of Fe Cl2 were mixed in a molar ratio of 21.then 50ml of ammonia aqueous solution was added into the solution with vigorous stirring at room temperature.a black precipitate was obtained.the precipitate was separated by applying a magnet and washing with distilled water several(prenominal) times until the PH decrease to7. tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide was used as dispersant.the nanoparticles are coated with hydroxyl ions of the tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide ,which themselves attract a character of strong positive ions.this surface structure creates electrostatic interparticle repulsion that can overcome coagulation forces of magnetic and van der waals attractions.2.3 CharacterizationX-ray powder diffraction(XRD) fleshs were obtained by an X-ray diffractometer using K radiation(=1.54060) ( )The shape,size distribution and morphology of the particles were examined by using transmission electron microscope(TEM).( )(The nanoparticles are characterized in detail by TEM). TEM experiment was performed on a Philips CM30 electron microscope with an acceleration voltage of 150 kV.Magnetization versus applied field were carried out withVSM (Lake shore 7404).3. Result and DiscussionFig. 1 shows the X-rays powder diffraction pattern of iron oxide nanoparicles in the ferrofluid sample.the spectral lines are broad because the grain are small.()relatively wide peaks are related to small size of nanoparticles.all the observed peaks can be indexed to the Fe3O4 crystal structure .the peaks are characteristic of cubic system with Fd-3m space group.()the considered profile can be suitably fitted by considering the crystalline structure of either magnetite(cubic structure,Fd-3m group,ICSD reference code 98-011-1284)or maghemite(cubic structure P4132 group,ICSD reference code 00-39-1346).beacuse of overlapping reflections in the XRD pattern,it was not possible to obtain a good fit by taking simultaneously into account both phases.using the Debye-scherer equation,the crystallite size was determined to be around 10 nm.Fig .1. XRD spectra of the particle Fig .2. TEM image of Fe3O4 nanoparticlesTEM image(Fig. 2)show that the particles are roughly spherical and polydispersed))(approximately spherical in shape).The particle sizes, by considering about 115 particle, range from 8to30nm.the average size of the particles observed in the TEM image is in the range of 13nm, which is good agreement with that estimated by Debye-Scherrer formula from the XRD pattern.( )This i s larger than the crystallite size determined by XRD,perhaps due to the presence of an amorphous surface layer. (the difference betwixt XRD and TEM may come from the surface coating layer).fig .3. Magentic hysteresis of Fe3O4Fig. 3 displays the magnetic hysteresis curve of the ferrofluid evaluated by VSM at room temperature,which is obtained from the magnetization cycle.we can see that the saturation magnetization(Ms)of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles was about 35 emu/g which is disdain than that of the bulk Fe3O4 (92 emu/g).the Ms value decrease with decrease in crystallite size for mono-domain particles due to the surface spin canting (disorder) and thermal fluctuations.i1. ( Komada et al. have attributed the reduction of magnetization in magnetic oxide nanoparticles to the existence of canted spins and /or a spin-glass-like behavior of the surface spins.M1).The saturation magnetion magnate decrease on Fe3O4 Fe2O3 transformation because the magnetization of Fe2O3 is slightly less tha n that of Fe3O4 in bulk materials.j1It is well known that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles show a superparamagnetic property. When a magnetic field was applied, the dipolar particles aligned themselves with the applied magnetic field, and resulted in a measurable magnetization. The saturation magnetization of theferrofluid was about 35 emu/g in the ferrofluid, which was lower than the saturation magnetization of pure Fe3O4 nanoparticles (50 emu/g), due to the fact that the saturation magnetization reduced significantly when the particle size was smaller than 10 nm. Also, the saturation magnetization of Fe2O3 nanoparticles was lower than that of Fe3O4 nanoparticles .So the saturation magnetization of nanoparticles in the ferrofluid, which consisted of a small amount of Fe2O3 nanoparticles, was lower than that of pure Fe3O4 nanoparticles.w1Furthermore, zero remenance and nearly zero coercivity can be observed for the nanoparticles on the hysteresis curve, which indicates that the particles are superparamagnetism.this is related to the fine crystallite size of Fe3O4 particles,which are in the nanometer range.4. ConclusionIn this study, superparamagnetic magnetite ferrofluid were successfully synthesized. The XRD,TEM and VSM techniques were used to characterized the structure size and magnetic properties of nanoparticles.It was concluded that the spherical nanoparticles synthesized in this work were superparamagnetic

Internet Censorship Survey Essay -- Technology Computers Essays

internet Censorship SurveyTopics of censorship involving the different media have always drawn lively responses from commonwealth when asked about them. The media categories of television, printing and recordings now include the earnings. I conducted a survey of passel to find out their opnion on the new medium. I asked people, Do you figure that there should be censorship on the earnings?. I conducted this survey during the week of February 14, 1997. I particularly chose this oral sex because of these reasons the recent news stories of children being lured into disparage after being contacted via Internet the reports of the availability of pornography the recent cases tried on the bases of obscenity laws the forthcoming U.S. Supreme Court hearing on Internet censorship my own awareness of what is available on the Internet the fast-pace growth and presence of the Internet, and the controversy of censorship on other mediums. Before conducting the survey, I predicted that Inter net users would answer no to censorship on the Internet in overwhelming numbers. So, I would have to ask if the person used the Internet. I also predicted that my question would be perceived as important only to Internet users-- that I would have to convince someone that does not use the Internet to answer my survey. I even thought that I might conduct some of the survey on the Internet. I would find out later that there were plenty of Internet users in my survey without conducting it online. I also predicted that younger participants would say no to censorship on the Internet. I predicted that the older the person was, the more likely that they would buy at censorship on the Internet. I believe this because of my own experiences. I still think ... ...would answer no to censorship on the Internet. Since eleven did answer no I was partially right. Because eight answered no and two maybe, I was partially wrong too. I had also predicted younger aged people would say no to censorship on the Internet. I placed this prognostication on my own experience. That was proven wrong. Age was not a factor. If there was a large people of teens in the survey, maybe the answer would be different. This could be a theme for another survey. In conclusion, I thought the survey yielded many statistics. It was taken in four places with a mix of people that were all different. The events of surveying that are the most memorable were the events not recorded. I have learned to survey people around me for answers to important topics. I believe that the next survey I conduct will have a box for other reactions and replies I receive.